battle of venice ww2

"[9] In Phase I the British Eighth Army would successively cross the Senio and Santerno rivers and then make a dual thrust, one towards Budrio parallel to the Bologna road, Route 9 (the Via Emilia) and the other north west along Route 16, the Via Adriatica, towards Bastia and the Argenta Gap, a narrow strip of dry terrain through the flooded land west of Lake Comacchio. The men of the Div endured harsh winters and 18 months of gruelling combat before ending the war in the city of Trieste in May 1945. 19 Squadron RAF being re-armed between sorties at Fowlmere, near Duxford, September 1940. On the right of the river's salient was 8th Indian Infantry Division, reprising the role they played crossing the Rapido in the final Battle of Monte Cassino. The spring 1945 offensive in Italy, codenamed Operation Grapeshot,[5] was the final Allied attack during the Italian Campaign in the final stages of the Second World War. By late morning of 12 April, after an all night assault, the 8th Indian Division was established on the far side of the Santerno and the British 78th Division started to pass through to make the assault on Argenta. The Eighth Army plan (Operation Buckland) had to deal with the difficult initial task of getting across the Senio, with its raised artificial banks varying between 6 metres (20 ft) and 12 m (40 ft) in height, honeycombed with defensive tunnels and bunkers front and rear. The one-tap reading app from OverDrive. [18], By 19 April, on the Eighth Army front, the Argenta Gap had been forced, and British 6th Armoured Division was released through the left wing of the advancing 78th Division to swing left to race north west along the line of the river Reno to Bondeno and link up with the US 5th Army to complete the encirclement of the German armies defending Bologna. The Allied forward formations spent the rest of the winter in highly inhospitable conditions while preparations were made for a spring offensive in 1945. U.S. Fifth Army was to push past Bologna north to link with Eighth Army in the Bondeno region to complete an encirclement of German forces south of the Po. Aug 27, 2016 - Explore Neil M. 's board "Air Warriors of WW2 - Pacific", followed by 310 people on Pinterest. The Italian Campaign, from July 10, 1943, to May 2, 1945, was a series of Allied beach landings and land battles from Sicily and southern Italy up … World War II. An amphibious operation across the lake and parachute drop would bring pressure to bear on the flank and help to break the Argenta position. Director: Clint Eastwood | Stars: Ken Watanabe, Kazunari Ninomiya, Tsuyoshi Ihara, Ryô Kase. The attack into the Lombardy Plain by the 15th Allied Army Group started on 6 April 1945, ending on … The U. S. Fifth Army had been reinforced between September and November 1944 with the 1st Brazilian Division and in January 1945 with the specialist U.S. 10th Mountain Division. In the early afternoon of 9 April, 825 heavy bombers dropped fragmentation bombs on the support zone behind the Senio followed by medium and fighter bombers. The bitter war, which was sparked by the Pearl Harbour attack in 1941, claimed more than two million lives before Japan’s surrender in 1945. The fighters attacked the gun defences of the docks and, that done, the bombers then dived in to attack almost vertically to ensure precision, with civilian observers feeling safe enough to climb on the city's rooftops to observe the attack and with the only architectural damage being no more than a few broken windows. The Div rejoined the attack in late November and succeeded in capturing Faenza on 14 December. Yes, after the armistice of September 8th 1943, Italy ended up split in two, the northern part “officially” continuing to fight for the Axis, while the southern part fighting for the allies. Aerial images show how … This included Operation Roast, an assault by British 2nd Commando Brigade and armour to capture the seaward isthmus of land bordering Lake Comacchio and seize Port Garibaldi on the lake's north side. [6] Allied strength amounted to 17 divisions and eight independent brigades (including four Italian groups of volunteers from the Italian Co-Belligerent Army, equipped and trained by the British), equivalent to just under 20 divisions. The one-tap reading app from OverDrive. The New Zealanders had reached the Santerno at nightfall on 10 April and succeeded in making a crossing at dawn on 11 April. Rome-Arno 22 January-9 September 1944 Rome was quiet on the morning of 4 June 1944. Only 8 Jewish residents of Venice emerged from the death camps. Often they were former soldiers cut off from home and still in possession of their weapons. [12], The Fifth Army plan (Operation Craftsman) envisaged an initial thrust by IV Corps along Route 64 to straighten the army front and to draw German reserves away from Route 65. In fighting in which there were two Victoria Crosses won by 8th Indian Division members, they had reached the Santerno, 5.6 km (3.5 mi) beyond, by dawn on 11 April. John Busse of Venice, Fla. celebrated his 101st birthday at Venice Post 8118 VFW a couple of days ago. The operation was planned to be extremely precise to avoid any such damage and was named Operation Bowler by Air Vice-Marshal Robert Foster, as a reminder to those involved that they would be "bowler hatted" (returned to civilian life) or worse should Venice itself be damaged. Pope Pius XII was initially unsuccessful in attempting to have Rome declared an open city, through negotiations with President Roosevelt via Archbishop (later Cardinal) Francis Spellman. The rest of the division followed in December along with the 3rd Greek Mountain Brigade. [10] Phase III involved the establishment of bridgeheads across the Po and exploitation north. The Italian campaign was New Zealand’s primary combat contribution to the war following the hard-won victory over Axis forces in North Africa. It was led by Acting Wing Commander, later Group Captain, George Westlake of the Royal Air Force.[1]. The 78th Division was also held up on the same day on the Reno River at Bastia. A memorial plaque to Venice's Holocaust victims can be seen in Venice's Campo del Ghetto Nuovo, close to a memorial sculpture by Arbit Blatas. Historians consider this battle as one that decimated the invincible German army and her allies as they fought against the Soviet’s Red Army in … Buying books from Amazon helps support this site. 1939. The announcement of Italy’s entrance in the War was not met with enthusiasm, but despair. Battle of Hürtgen Forest September 19, 1944 February 10, 1945 Hurtgen Forest, German-Belgian border Siegfried Line campaign 33,000 German defensive victory Germany longest ever battle fought by … May 2, 2020 - This Pin was discovered by Cor Sleutel. Battle of Stalingrad (August of 1942 to February of 1943) From July 17th of 1942 until February 2nd of 1943, the Battle of Stalingrad took place. In early January 1945 the British 1st Infantry Division was sent to Palestine and at the end of the month the I Canadian Corps and British 5th Infantry Division were ordered to North West Europe, reducing the Eighth Army, now commanded by Lieutenant-General Richard McCreery, to seven divisions. Its objective was "...to destroy the maximum number of enemy forces south of the Po, force crossings of the Po and capture Verona. From 15:20 to 19:10, five heavy artillery barrages were fired, each lasting 30 minutes, interspersed with fighter bomber attacks. In the Japanese equivalent of the Nurnberg Trials, held in Tokyo in 1946, many of the high-ranking officers and government officials were found guilty of genocide and war crimes and executed. It was led … Battle of Britain Hurricane pilot Tony Pickering described how important it was for the pilots to work together as a team, keeping 'discipline' at the forefront of their minds at all time. As the outbreak of World War II edged closer in 1939, the British merchant fleet remained the largest in the world, employing some 200,000 men and women. Foreword In January 1943 the Chief of Staff, U.S. Army, and Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Navy agreed that the formation of a joint committee to assess enemy Naval and merchant shipping losses during World War II would be desirable. As Allied forces pushed across the Po, on the left flank the Brazilian, 34th Infantry and 1st Armored Divisions of IV Corps were pushed west and northwest along the line of Highway 9 towards Piacenza and across the Po to seal possible escape routes into Austria and Switzerland via Lake Garda. The weight of the attack would then switch westward again to break into the Po valley skirting Bologna.[13]. 239 Wing RAF, which was composed of Kittyhawk and Mustang squadrons and specialised in dive-bombing operations. Old King Edward the Confessor dies heirlessly in early 1066. approximately one flamethrower vehicle every 64 metres along an 8 km long front, 5th (Huntingdonshire) Battalion, Northamptonshire Regiment, National Liberation Committee for Northern Italy, Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II, United States Army Center of Military History, Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany, Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy&oldid=992765029, World War II operations and battles of the Italian Campaign, Battles and operations of World War II involving Germany, Battles of World War II involving the United States, Battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom, Battles and operations of World War II involving India, Battles and operations of World War II involving Poland, Battles and operations of World War II involving New Zealand, Battles and operations of World War II involving South Africa, Battles and operations of World War II involving Brazil, Italy articles missing geocoordinate data, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 6 December 2020, at 23:52. This was one of many of the German state units whose services were Explosives experts on Sunday defused a World War II bomb in the southern coastal Italian city of Brindisi (above) following a historic evacuation of the city center. Joachim Lemelsen, who had commanded temporarily the 10th Army, returned to the command of the 14th Army. [7][3] Three of the Italian divisions were allocated to the Ligurian Army under Rodolfo Graziani guarding the western flank facing France and the fourth was with the 14th Army, in a sector thought less likely to be attacked. Almost all the New Zealanders who served in Italy did so as members of the 2nd New Having reached the Senio River, the Division halted and endured its second Italian winter. The build-up to the main assault started on 6 April with a heavy artillery bombardment of the Senio defenses. In the meantime the British 24th Guards Brigade, part of the 56th Infantry Division, had launched an amphibious flanking attack from the water and mud to the right of the Argenta Gap. At the same time British 56th Division would launch the amphibious flank attack along Lake Comacchio. Although they gained a foothold, they were still held up at positions on the Fossa Marina on the night of 14 April. The term \"ghetto\" originated from the name of the Jewish quarter in Venice, Italy. From 9 April 1945 until the end of Operation Grapeshot, thus casualties exclude those suffered during the preliminary operations. Even prior to victory in the North African Campaign, there was disagreement between the Allies on the best strategy to defeat the Axis.The British, especially Winston Churchill, advocated their traditional naval-based peripheral strategy. Richard Bosworth looks at how La serenissima dealt with the years of peril during which it became a target of enemy bombers. Venetian authorities compelled the city's Jews to live in the quarter, which was established in 1516. The massive frontal assaults, the anonymous soldier, faceless death—against this backdrop, the mountain war in Italy was a battle of small units, of individuals. The fight for the English throne emerges. The Invasion of Italy was conducted September 3-16, 1943, during World War II. The military history of Italy chronicles a vast time period, lasting from the overthrow of Tarquinius Superbus in 509 BC, through the Roman Empire, Italian city-states, Italian unification, and into the modern day.The Italian peninsula has been a centre of military conflict throughout European history: because of this, Italy has a long military tradition. Jan 23, 2016 - British soldiers are engaged in a street fight during the battle in the city of Catania in Sicily, Italy. The U.S. 5th Army began its assault on 14 April after a bombardment by 2,000 heavy bombers and 2,000 artillery pieces, with attacks by the troops of U.S. IV Corps (1st Brazilian, 10th Mountain and 1st Armored Divisions) on the left. Although they say the New Zealanders took it, it wasn’t so. The Poles had closed on the Santerno by the night of 11 April.[16]. [23][24] On 27 April, the 1st Armored Division entered Milan, liberated by the partisans on 25 April, and IV Corps commander Crittenberger entered the city on 30 April. In the 16th and 17th centuries, officials ranging from local authorities to the Austrian emperor ordered the creation of ghettos for Jews in Frankfurt, Rome, Prague, and other cities. On V Corps' left flank the New Zealand Division would advance to the left of the marshland on the west side of Argenta while the Indian Division would pass in Army Reserve. The US forces under General Eisenhower captured Rome on 5 June 1944, and soon after the German armies began to retreat from Italy. [22], U.S. IV Corps had continued their northwards advance and reached the Po river at San Benedetto on 22 April. He served with Gen. George Patton’s 3rd Army in Europe during World War II. To the left of the 8th Indian Division, on the left of the salient, the 2nd New Zealand Division would attack across the river to form a pincer. Battle Of Saipan Ww2 Photos Ww2 Pictures Iwo Jima Military History Military Humor Military Photos Military Weapons Us Marines the_ww2_memoirs US Marines fire onto Japanese positions atop the summit of Mount Topachau which over looked the entirety of the island of Saipan, Mariana Islands, early July, 1944. Subsequently, Venice was handed over to Austrian Empire as part of a treaty. Mussolini announced his decision—one bitterly opposed by his foreign minister, Galeazzo Ciano—to huge crowds across Italy on June 10. For 10% off your first Squarespace website or domain, visit https://www.squarespace.com/bazbattles and use my Coupon Code BAZBATTLESMusic used:BTS … In the first week of April, diversionary attacks were launched on the extreme right and left of the Allied front to draw German reserves away from the main assaults to come. The 1938 Jewish population of Venice (2000) was reduced by the war's end to 1500, or in some sources 1050. The bombing of Rome in World War II took place on several occasions in 1943 and 1944, primarily by Allied and to a smaller degree by Axis aircraft, before the city was invaded by the Allies on June 4, 1944.Pope Pius XII was initially unsuccessful in attempting to have Rome declared an open city, through negotiations with President Roosevelt via Archbishop (later Cardinal) Francis Spellman. Propaganda leaflets dropped during the early morning hours by order of the commander of the Allied 15th Army Group, General Sir Harold R. L. G. Alexander, urged Romans "to stand shoulder-to-shoulder to protect the city from destruction and to defeat our common enemies." [21] On 24 April, Parma and Reggio Emilia were liberated by the partisans. By the first half of 1943 all Italian regions had been subjected to attack. The story of the battle of Iwo Jima between the United States and Imperial Japan during World War II, as told from the perspective of the Japanese who fought it. [26] To the south of Milan, at Collecchio-Fornovo, the Brazilian Division bottled up the remaining effectives of two German divisions along with the last units of fascist army, taking on 28 April 13,500 prisoners. In truth, Italy seemed uninterested in war from the start. [14][15] The 8th Indian Division, 2nd New Zealand Division and 3rd Carpathian Division (on the Polish Corps front at Route 9) attacked at dusk. WW2 Research Service Information on the Research Service this site offers for soldiers who died in WW2. EIGHTH ARMY: DEEDS AND DATES from the "Eighth Army News" for July 30, 1945 The Eighth Army was formed in September, 1941, and placed under the command of Lt-Gen Sir Allan Cunningham. Her grandfather, Lt-General Bernard Freyberg (March 1889 – July 1963), as commander of the 2 nd New Zealand Expeditionary Force (part of the British Eighth Army) arrived in Venice on 29 April 1945, the first of the Allied forces to reach the city. Heinrich von Vietinghoff returned from the Baltic to take over from Kesselring and Traugott Herr, the experienced commander of the LXXVI Panzer Corps took over the 10th Army. The Battle of Gazala (near the modern town of Ayn al Ghazālah عين الغزالة) was fought during the Western Desert Campaign of the Second World War, west of the port … Westlake was recognised soon afterwards, awarded the Distinguished Service Order for "excellent leadership, great tactical ability and exceptional determination", having already won the Distinguished Flying Cross in 1942 for continuous gallantry in around 300 operational sorties. Battle damage of the Litorrio at tarento, 11 November 1940 In December, the Litorrio was engaged during the first battle of the Great Syrta. [2][1], The Axis had 21 much weaker German divisions and four Italian Esercito Nazionale Repubblicano (ENR) divisions with about 349,000 German and 45,000 Italian troops on 9 April. It seemed that only Mussolini and his Fascist cronies were interested in fighting, and so in 1940 Italy started out on the attempt to conquer the Mediterranean with troops that had no faith in their commanders or a desire to fight. Louis Basso of Venice, Fla. survived Battle of Hürtgen Forest in World War II Louis Basso of Venice, Fla. was a 155 mm gunner who served in Battery A, 258th Field Artillery Battalion attached to Gen. George Patton’s 3rd Army that fought the Germans across France and into the “Fatherland” during World War II. We were the first troops in Venice. Austria exploited the resources of Venice … [27], On the Allied far right flank, British V Corps, met by lessening resistance, traversed the Venetian Line and entered Padua in the early hours of 29 April, to find that partisans had locked up the German garrison of 5,000.[28]. On the 80th anniversary of the Battle of Britain these are some of the Indian pilots that flew for the RAF during WW2. 250 Squadron RAF, part of No. [25] Turin was also liberated by partisan forces on 25 April, after five days of clashes, and on 27 April General Günther Meinhold surrendered his 14,000 troops to the partisans in Genoa. Pfc. By early 1945, the rail and road networks of northern Italy had sustained severe damage, forcing the Germans to resort to shipping goods into Venice and then moving them from there along rivers and canals. Allied manpower shortages continued; in October 1944, the 4th Indian Infantry Division had been sent to Greece and the British 4th Infantry Division had followed them in November, with the 139th Brigade of the British 46th Infantry Division. Depending on the relative success of these actions a decision would be made on whether Eighth Army's prime objective would become Ferrara, on the Via Adriatica, or remain Budrio. Discover (and save!) The Merchant Marine Were the Unsung Heroes of World War II These daring seamen kept the Allied troops armed and fed while at the mercy of German U … II Corps would then attack along Route 65 towards Bologna. The attack sank the Ariete-class TA42 (ex Italian Alabarda),[2] two merchant ships as well as naval escorts and smaller vessels. Italian Campaign Operation Bowler was an air attack on Venice harbour by Allied aircraft on 21 March 1945, as part of the Italian campaign of the Second World War. In January he took part in another engagement in defending a convoy, and in March, during the second battle of the Great Sirte, seriously damaged the destroyers Havock and Kingston. The Battle of Gazala (near the modern town of Ayn al Ghazālah عين الغزالة) was fought during the Western Desert Campaign of the Second World War, west of the port of Tobruk in Libya, from 26 May to 21 June 1942. After September 1943, partisan Resistance groups were active throughout northern and much of central Italy. We were the first troops in Venice, and my battalion, the … [28] Confirmation from von Vietinghoff of the arrangements did not reach Allied 15th Army Group headquarters until the morning of 2 May. Looking for The Fifth Army was also to make a secondary thrust further west towards Ostiglia, the crossing point on the Po of the main route to Verona. The Allies had launched their last big offensive on the Gothic Line in August 1944, with the British Eighth Army (Lieutenant-General Oliver Leese) attacking up the coastal plain of the Adriatic and the U.S. Fifth Army (Lieutenant General Mark Clark) attacking through the central Apennine Mountains. When Field Marshal Sir John Dill, the head of the British Mission in Washington, died on 5 November, Field Marshal Sir Maitland Wilson was appointed his replacement. Reconstruction after Alessandro Piazza's painting in Correr Museum, Venice. 10th Mountain Division were directed to bypass Bologna on their right and push north leaving U.S. II Corps to deal with Bologna along with Eighth Army units advancing from their right. Venice: The Fog of War The most desirable tourist destination of belle époque Europe, Venice became a major naval base during the First World War. Many were young men fleeing Mussolini’s attempts to conscript them. [8], Clark set out his battle plan on 18 March. Perched on a mountaintop between Rome and Naples, the Abbey has great views and is very interesting to explore. ... On 28 March 1942 Venice had … V Corps were ordered to make an attack on the salient formed by the river into the Allied line at Cotignola. Italy: more than 50,000 evacuated in Brindisi after WW2 bomb found British bomb believed to have been dropped on southern Italian city in 1941. In support of the New Zealand operations, 28 Churchill Crocodiles and 127 Wasp flamethrower vehicles were deployed along the front. The bombing of Rome in World War II took place on several occasions in 1943 and 1944, primarily by Allied and to a smaller degree by Axis aircraft, before the city was invaded by the Allies on June 4, 1944. This list of museum ships is a comprehensive, sortable, annotated list of notable museum ships around the world. There were another 91,000 German troops on the lines of communication and the Germans commanded about 100,000 Italian police. Venice’s Jewish Ghetto was one of the first in the world. Meanwhile, it was intended for U.S. Fifth Army to launch the Army Group's main effort at 24 hours notice from two days after Eighth Army's attack and break into the Po valley. On 28 April, von Vietinghoff sent emissaries to Allied Army headquarters. Dec 8, 2015 - Explore Vlad Draghescu's board "WW2", followed by 309 people on Pinterest. Having assessed the weather, Westlake led the attack in a Curtiss P-40 Kittyhawk from No. for two months. your own Pins on Pinterest However, the bombing campaigns that followed in 1942 and particularly in 1943 were much more intense than those of 1940-1941. The spring 1945 offensive in Italy, codenamed Operation Grapeshot, was the final Allied attack during the Italian Campaign in the final stages of the Second World War. In Phase II, the Eighth Army was to drive north west to capture Ferrara and Bondeno, blocking routes of potential retreat across the Po. The Battle of Vienna (German: Schlacht am Kahlenberg, Polish: Bitwa pod Wiedniem or Odsiecz Wiedeńska, Turkish: İkinci Viyana Kuşatması) is a battle that took place on 11 and 12 September 1683 after Vienna had been besieged by the Ottoman Empire for two months. See more ideas about World war two, World war ii, Wwii. Britain and France declare war on Germany. Even with a large army, but greater naval power, the traditional British answer against a continental enemy was to fight as part of a coalition and mount small peripheral operations designed to gradually weaken the enemy. This post on World War II books is sponsored by Libby. IL-2 Sturmovik: Battle of Stalingrad is the continuation of the legendary IL-2 Sturmovik series that has set the standard for PC combat flight games for more than ten years. As Thomas F. Madden describes in his 2012 book, Venice – A New History, Nazi troops had arrived in Venice on 8 September 1943. General Harold Alexander, having been promoted to Field Marshal, replaced Wilson as Allied Supreme Commander Mediterranean on 12 December. Clark succeeded Alexander as commander of the Allied forces in Italy (renamed 15th Army Group) but without promotion. Secret surrender negotiations between representatives of the Germans and Western Allies had taken place in Switzerland (Operation Crossword) in March but had resulted only in protests from the Russians that the Western Allies were attempting to negotiate a separate peace. After the First World War King George V, in recognition of the contribution made to the British war effort by merchant ships, granted the title of ‘Merchant Navy’ to non-military sailors. (2) The Siege of Venice, 1849: Republic of Venice remained independent for nearly 1400 years until 1797 when it surrendered to Napoleon during the French Revolutionary War. Operation Bowler was an air attack on Venice harbour by Allied aircraft on 21 March 1945, as part of the Italian campaign of the Second World War. As commander of the 2nd New Zealand Expeditionary Force, he … If you are a fan of the WW2 war machines, WW2 Battle Front Simulator is a powerful yet easy to use simulator where you can create and simulate a whole new realistic Battlefield. See more ideas about wwii aircraft, wwii, ww2 aircraft. George Westlake, responsible for the success of, "Medals of wartime air ace who led Venice attack up for sale", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operation_Bowler&oldid=997731602, World War II operations and battles of the Italian Campaign, Aerial operations and battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom, Battles of World War II involving the United States, Italy articles missing geocoordinate data, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 1 January 2021, at 23:42. 11-gen-2017 - Venice; Hohenlohe Regiment zu Fuss, Drummer 1694. Lieutenant General Lucian Truscott the commander of the U.S. VI Corps from the Battle of Anzio and the capture of Rome to Alsace, having landed in the South of France during Operation Dragoon, returned to Italy to assume command of the Fifth Army. It seriously damaged a large cargo ship and destroyed five warehouses, an Axis mine stockpile (blowing a 100-yard hole in the quayside) and other harbour infrastructure, such as an underwater training establishment for frogmen and human torpedoes. Two other British divisions were to follow them to North-West Europe but Alexander was able to keep them in Italy. First landing in Calabria, Allied troops soon expanded the invasion. sweet blog, sweeter url. The river was crossed the next day, and they advanced north to Verona which they entered on 26 April. Became a target of enemy bombers Kittyhawk and Mustang squadrons and specialised in dive-bombing operations than my family Emilia... 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[ 1 ] Clint Eastwood | Stars: Ken Watanabe, Kazunari Ninomiya, Ihara! 13 ]... on 28 April, Parma and Reggio Emilia were liberated by the and! In Correr Museum, Venice was handed over to Austrian Empire as of! Of 11 April. [ 16 ] ideas about wwii aircraft, wwii was led by Acting Commander... \ '' ghetto\ '' originated from the death camps War and everyone was involved in,. Ryô Kase history and how the geography of the Jewish quarter in Venice, Italy German...: Clint Eastwood | Stars: Ken Watanabe, Kazunari Ninomiya, Ihara. Italy ( renamed 15th Army Group headquarters until the end of operation,! And exploitation north other British divisions were to advance to cross the Santerno September 1943, Resistance... A heavy artillery barrages were fired, each lasting 30 minutes, with! Tsuyoshi Ihara, Ryô Kase parachute drop would bring pressure to bear the..., Fla. celebrated his 101st birthday at Venice post 8118 VFW a couple of days ago parachute. 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