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Such changes to the social insurance system would help strengthen the economy and enhance individual economic security. One million Canadians saw their social insurance numbers stolen in the Capital One hack. Since May, all non-white worker groups have followed a similarly elevated rate of monthly job losses; and although their rates are approaching their white counterparts’, the many months of greater job losses inflict disproportionate labor market pain on non-white workers. Even Asian workers, who were the least likely to be unemployed due to a job loss before the recession hit, have been significantly more likely to be unemployed due to a job loss since April than white workers. Predicted WTP by industry. Mongolia introduced social health insurance (SHI) in 1994 to achieve UHC; it is compulsory for all public and private sector employees and voluntary for unemployed people. statement and 2016;15:105. This was an exploratory study of the working population in Mongolia. Regarding the one aspect of social health insurance that the respondent wished to change, 38.1% responded “service,” and 23.22% responded “quality,” representing the top 2 categories of the responses. Should private medical insurance be subsidised? PubMed  In Mongolia, OOP expenditure accounted for 41% of the total health expenditure in 2011, causing a severe household financial burden [2]. 2017;16:73. 2015;34:502–10. High mobility and low tenure in the labor market can be addressed by the parallel PHI system, as it can be provided as a job incentive and can effectively attract talent from the labor market [19]. Our study assessed the Mongolian population’s current satisfaction levels with the mandatory SHI and analyzed the WTP for private parallel insurance across industries. Low quality of service was a major source of dissatisfaction. The type of contribution is income-based and is equal to 4% of the insurant’s monthly salary, which is equally shared between the employer and employee [2]. Dugee O, Munaa E, Sakhiya A, Mahal A. Mongolia’s public spending on noncommunicable diseases is similar to the spending of higher-income countries. The pretest was performed twice among workers from different fields and professions to ensure that the respondents understood the questions accurately. J Glob Health. The social health insurance in Mongolia covers mostly inpatient care services, and the coverage is different among public and private health care providers. Most previous studies have focused on the use of national or public health insurance programs as a means of achieving UHC [11]. Our proposed package is aimed to be provided by private health insurance companies. A SIN is issued to one person only and it cannot legally be used by anyone else. Regulating for-profit private health care providers in the context of universal health coverage: a case study from Mongolia; 2018. You need this number to use some government programs. From the 2-part model, willingness to participate in the first bid and WTP for participation varied by industry. This prompted us to investigate differences in WTP by gender in Mongolia during the transition period when women had a higher education level [25] but lower wage and fewer job opportunities than men [26]. Table 1 provides a comparison of the sample characteristics between genders. However, some forms of social insurance that were put in place in the spring—namely paid sick leave—were not extended in the recent legislation. There are large differences in earnings that cannot be explained by education and experience. The formula we use depends on the year of first eligibility (the year a person attains age 62 in retirement cases). In addition, in several Asian countries [43, 44], private health insurance industries are well developed despite efficient public health sectors. For example, in the United Kingdom, approximately 11% of people have had parallel private insurance [35]. Privacy Ritsumeikan J Asia Pacific Studies. Increases in Disposable Personal Income from Social Insurance . Only 15.1% of the respondents chose “service quality.” The remaining respondents chose “other” (not specified). Health insurance may thus improve the quality of care provided by public health care facilities due to competition with private providers. Global J Health Sci. Int J Equity Health. Detailed information about the SIN is on the Service Canada website. This amount can be used on yourself only and not transferable to your family members, who will each have to use a separate policy. Free and universal, but unequal utilization of primary health care in the rural and urban areas of Mongolia. The proposed package was laid out in the following manner: How much would you pay for private medical insurance if such a product were available? We suggest that first, the SHI package should be increased on the basis of the analysis of Mongolian population’s satisfaction, and the quality and access of public health care providers should be improved through competition with private health care providers, and second, public knowledge about the health insurance system should be increased, thus changing the predominantly negative attitude toward health insurance, and allowing private health insurance to complement mandatory social health insurance at the national level through appropriate policy. When the COVID-19 recession’s economic effects were at their worst in April 2020, levels of compensation of employees (the blue bar) and proprietors’ income (the green bar) were significantly lower than they were in April 2019. Thus, the product must be profitable so that private companies would be willing to offer the product. 2013;113:69–76. Social Insurance Numbers at Central Manitoba Region, Morden Centre Provided By Service Canada. The education industry had the highest predicted WTP ₮22,675 (SE = 3346), and the mining industry and public administration had the lowest. Adams R, Chou Y-J, Pu C. Willingness to participate and pay for a proposed national health insurance in St. Vincent and the grenadines: a cross-sectional contingent valuation approach. Increasing the value and reach of social insurance was instrumental for maintaining spending, largely because many of the same households experiencing a decline in labor income lacked sufficient wealth or other resources to weather a temporary loss in earned income. Percentage of the total participants (n = 1657) satisfied with the social health insurance stratified by industry. Contact Social Insurance Number. This issue, however, is not unique to this study [25]. Third, Mongolia’s labor market is characterized by high mobility. This amount is most likely unaffordable for an average Mongolian household, given that the average monthly household income was only US$451 in 2018 [22]. Apply your AIME to the benefit formula to determine primary insurance amount (PIA) Adjust PIA for filing age; Social Security Calculation Step 1: Adjust all earnings for inflation. Int J Equity Health. The Mongolian health care system is underfunded, and its service quality is low, particularly among public health care providers. Empirical results from early studies suggest that demand for health insurance is affected by education [22] and income levels, and the male gender is associated with a higher willingness to pay (WTP) [23, 24]. After the transition, the Mongolian economy started heavily exploiting its mineral deposits [16], shifting away from its previous considerable dependence on the agriculture sector, in which the employment rate was 40.3% in 2007 and decreased to 27.8% in 2014 [17]. Lindhjem H, Navrud S. Asking for individual or household willingness to pay for environmental goods? By contrast, studies have indicated that men are more willing to pay for health insurance [25]. Tudev O, Damba G. Insights of the Mongolian labor market. Each year, as part of this mandate, the Social Insurance Agency publishes Social Insurance in Figures, the aim of which is to use statistics and comments in order to provide an account of the benefits administered by the agency. THP charts, maps, and tables highlight economic policy challenges through dynamic interactive features. A previous study reported that WTP decreases with age [25]. 2016;11:e0157470. We worked with the Mongolian National Chamber of Commerce and Industry, which provided us with a reliable sampling frame. Notably, the employed population contributes the most to healthcare financing in several countries [13]. For example, The Hamilton Project recently documented that in 2019, the typical Black household only held $24,100 in wealth—7.8 times less than the median white household’s wealth ($188,200). Your FRA can vary depending on the year you were born. 2015;13:101. The nine-digit SSN is composed of three parts: The first set of three digits is called the Area Number. Most of the previous studies investigating WTP for PHI have often focused on the general population. A Service Canada officer will call you back within 2 business days. We present the log odds rather than the odds ratio (OR) for the logit part as the model involved interactions, rendering OR difficult to interpret. To determine the WTP questions for private health insurance, first, we obtained the participants’ perception of the current mandatory social health insurance system by using the following questions: Are you satisfied with social health insurance? We did not find age to be significantly associated with WTP. We investigated the feasibility of a parallel private health insurance package for the working population in Ulaanbaatar as a means toward universal health coverage in Mongolia. 2020;8:47. The formula starts by using your Primary Insurance Amount (PIA) calculated in the previous step. However, we retained self-rated health despite its nonsignificance in any model because of its strong theoretical significance in the literature for the demand for health insurance [25, 27]. Raising awareness of the gender imbalance, especially related to the education level, is essential for policymakers because this topic lies at the intersection of many fields, including education, health, and labor [40], and the position of women is different in different countries [21]. Batchuluun A, Lin JY. Apply now to receive a pension. These shifts exacerbated the existing disparities among workers from all industries. (Yes/No); Please tick one best thing you like about social health insurance (premium/quality/level of convenience/other); Please tick one worst thing you dislike about social health insurance (premium/quality/level of convenience/other); What would you like to improve in the social health insurance system if you had a chance to do so? You may apply for a SIN before you start working or up to three days after your start date. Ying XH, Hu TW, Ren J, Chen W, Xu K, Huang JH. You have JavaScript turned off! Second, Social Security applies a formula to that monthly average to determine your primary insurance amount (PIA). Farmers’ willingness to pay for index-based livestock Insurance in the North West of South Africa. The density of WTP denoted as gi(.) Another relief bill enacted at the end of 2020 ensured that social insurance support was not abruptly withdrawn at the end of December. Google Scholar. The labor market will likely continue to face significant headwinds over the next few months, despite the recent legislation. 2000;78:811–20. By Helen Kong and David Niu On January 1, 2019, employers will need to have their business ready for a big change to China’s social insurance system: social insurance contributions will be levied by China’s tax bureau.. Over the last few years, local tax bureaus in many cities began collecting social insurance contribution payments on behalf of the social insurance bureau. Government of Canada. Cheng T-M. Reflections on the 20th anniversary of Taiwan’s single-payer National Health Insurance System. Cite this article. The participants from the wholesale industry had a higher WTP than those from the mining industry (P < .05). When do I apply for a Social Insurance Number (SIN) ? Health Policy Plan. Additionally, some of the provisions, most significantly the expansion of unemployment insurance and the eviction moratorium, expire too soon. Figure 3 shows the ranked predicted WTP given both willingness to participate and WTP for participation (P < .001 for all industries). Therefore, examining the WTP of employees from the different sectors is essential for determining the feasibility of the parallel health insurance system. (service/quality/health care provider/premium/other). Sign and date the application when finished. However, the difference between gender in the marginal effect in terms of WTP was not high. However, 41% of the entire working population lives in the capital city of Ulaanbaatar [22]. This study is the first to highlight the possibility of introducing parallel PHI as a complement to the existing SHI system in Mongolia. Pastore F. The gender gap in early career in Mongolia. Covariates analyzed in this study included education level (primary/secondary, college, university, and postgraduate), monthly family income (<₮500,000, ₮500,000-₮1,000,000, ₮1,000,000-₮2 500,000, ₮2 500,000-₮4 500,000, and > ₮4 500,000), marital status (single, married, and other, where other is categorized as divorced/widowed/common law), proportion of income spent on medical expenditure (none, < 5%, 5–15%, 15–25, and > 25%), health habits (smoking and self-perceived adequacy of exercise), and satisfaction of social health insurance (yes/no). PLoS One. The offered package was thus deemed profitable after actuarial calculation. 2012;45:137–66. Government of Canada Building 158 Stephen St Morden MB, … Santa Monica: Rand Corporation; 2015. Willingness to pay for health insurance in the informal sector of Sierra Leone. The sample size n for our study was determined using Slovin’s formula for a known population [23, 24]: where N is the population size (555350), and e is the level of precision (set as 0.05). Most male and female participants were married. Even Asian workers, who were the least likely to be unemployed due to a job loss before the recession hit, have been significantly more likely to be unemployed due to a job loss since April than white workers. In March 2020, Congress determined that existing social insurance programs were insufficient in helping households meet the challenges created by the COVID19 recession. You need a Social Insurance Number (SIN) to work in … This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of National Yang-Ming University (YM107064E-2), Taipei, Taiwan, and by the Medical Ethics Committee of Ach Medical University (12/23), Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. In addition, small businesses only had access to limited resources when their revenues dried up overnight. Int J Manpow. Buckley NJ, Cuff K, Hurley J, McLeod L, Nuscheler R, Cameron D. Willingness-to-pay for parallel private health insurance: evidence from a laboratory experiment. Soc Sci Med. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. NSO: Mongolian statistical information service. Your Social Insurance Number (or SIN) is a 9-digit number provided to you from Service Canada, which you need to work in Canada, have access to government benefits and programs and it is your SIN which identifies you when you file your personal income taxes.If you’re a citizen, a permanent resident or a temporary resident, you need a Social Insurance Number (SIN). Dugee O, Palam E, Dorjsuren B, Mahal A. This study has some limitations. The full marginal effect can be solved with the derivative of E (yi|xi) using the chain rule as follows: We retained interaction terms that were statistically significant in at least any part (logit and OLS) of the 2-part model and dropped the terms that were not significant to ensure that the model was parsimonious. The whole program managed by the Social Security Administration (SSA) is known as Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI). Shimamura Y, Matsushima M, Yamada H, Nguyen M. Willingness-to-pay for family-based health insurance: findings from household and health facility surveys in Central Vietnam. Ulaanbaatar: National University of Mongolia; 2014. Beware of a new Social Insurance Number scam going around nationwide. You are entitled to receive your contributory pension if you: 1. are 65 years of age or over; and 2. have paid (or been credited with) between 25 and 50 contributions to the Contributory Pension Fund (CPF) a year. The predicted WTP for the parallel private health insurance for men and women was Mongolian Tugrik (₮)16,369 (p < 0.001) and ₮16,661 (p < 0.001), respectively, accounting for approximately 2.4% of the median or 1.7% of the average salary in the country. Market Size & Industry Statistics. Bull World Health Organ. Note that, as … Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. Liu T-C, Chen C-S. An analysis of private health insurance purchasing decisions with national health insurance in Taiwan. THP forums bring together key policy makers, academic experts, and business leaders to discuss ways to address our nation’s most pressing economic challenges. Moreover, concerning SDG 5 by the United Nations, it is crucial to clarify the current situation on gender equality in Mongolia. The COVID-19 recession created enormous challenges in the labor market. Please look at the price of the premium below and tell us whether you will be willing to pay that amount of premium per month (Fig. The working population in Ulaanbaatar in 2018 was estimated by the NSO to be 555,350 people, with 303,544 men and 251,806 women. Social Security The most common form of social insurance, Social Security, helps retired or disabled people and their families maintain a healthy standard of living. In particular, to raise the value of health insurance, policymakers must understand the importance of improving the quality of health care services in Mongolia. Regulating the for-profit private healthcare providers towards universal health coverage: a qualitative study of legal and organizational framework in Mongolia. To analyze WTP, we performed a 2-part model and computed the full marginal effects using both intensive and extensive margins. : IIImplication for aggregate welfare measures. The most important key figures provide you with a compact summary of the topic of "Social insurance in China" and take you straight to the corresponding statistics. The term ‘insurable employment is used to describe employment that is liable for social insurance contributions. A final sample of 1657 workers was analyzed. Patient satisfaction and service quality perception at district hospitals in Mongolia. The satisfied respondents may have used the social health insurance system before, so they know the benefit of insurance and may plan to increase the service quality and access through the supplementary private health insurance. As we wished to test gender differences, each covariate was interacted with the gender variable. Social insurance number. Health Policy. 2018;33:185–201. In the case of Mongolia, focusing on employees, instead of the general population, is a more feasible approach for several reasons. Thus, Ulaanbaatar would be the most reasonable place to start such a program in Mongolia. However, given high variations among different industries and sectors, different incentives may be required for participation. Improving the health care system is the main priority of the Mongolian government. Typically the PIA is a function of average indexed monthly earnings (AIME). 2018. Jeon B, Kwon S. Effect of private health insurance on health care utilization in a universal public insurance system: a case of South Korea. It is a 9-digit number. Can J Econ. The most compelling piece of evidence for this lies with food insecurity: in early November, the share of households reporting that they have suffered from food insecurity was twice the percentage in the years leading up to the pandemic. PubMed Google Scholar. 2001. ), we performed a 2-part model with the dependent variable divided into an intensive margin and an extensive margin. Figure 2 shows the percentage of satisfaction for the current social health insurance stratified by industry. volume 20, Article number: 7 (2021) Labor force participation and earnings in Mongolia. In the spring of 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and its associated recession, policymakers originated significant expansions to social insurance, including unemployment insurance benefits, refundable tax credits, and paid leave. Accessed Feb. 17, 2020. is defined as follows: where yi is WTP for an individual I, f0 is the density of yi when yi = 0, fc is the conditional density of yi when yi > 0, x is a vector of covariates, and f0(0 ∣ yi = 0, xi) = 1. This number has to be kept safe. The purpose of a Canadian Social Insurance Number is similar to the PPS number in Ireland, the National Insurance Number in the UK, or the Tax File Number in Australia. Impact of out-of-pocket health care financing and health insurance utilization among the population: a systematic review; 2018. Demand for private health insurance in Chinese urban areas. Additionally, early retirement, compared with men, has negative implications for women’s career progression [3]. 2002;55:755–74. where α denotes the vector for the first-part logit model, and β is the vector of parameters for the second-part model. The Social Insurance Number (SIN) is a nine-digit number that you need to work (and get paid) in Canada. The predicted WTP for men and women was ₮16,369 (SE = 1196, P < .001) and ₮16,661 (SE = 1074, P < .001), respectively. The highest predicted WTP was found for workers from the education industry (₮22,675, SE = 3346). Private hospitals that are affiliated with social health insurance still rely heavily on out-of-pocket payments from patients (an average of US$27 per capita on out-of-pocket expenditure) [6, 22]. Google Scholar. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. , willingness to pay ( WTP ) was evaluated using a contingent evaluation million Canadians saw their social insurance (... Basaza R, Kyasiimire EP, Namyalo PK, Kawooya a, Willis K, JH. Using both intensive and extensive margins Savedoff W. private health insurance and 3 variables—proportion of income on! = 1657 ) satisfied with the Mongolian health care in the recent legislation recessions ( figure )! Focused social insurance in figures the year of first eligibility ( the year you were born of... You need this number to use some government programs required to provide your Canadian SIN to your.! Withdrawn at the end of December smoker, and its Service quality perception at district hospitals Mongolia! Quality ” as the most undesirable aspect of the current social health system! In March 2020 to November 2020 disposable personal income has been suspended purchasing with... Date of birth and parents ' names, DPI was higher by almost 10 percent on average equality Mongolia. Technology, and the rest 50 percent by the COVID19 recession, be. And middle income countries depend on the general population approximately ₮1500 ( P <.05 ) the selected. Insurance Regulationscame into effect requiring that employees provide employers with their SINs entire.. Do so, you agree to our terms and conditions, California Privacy Statement and Cookies policy smokers a. Depend on the year of first eligibility ( the year a person attains age 62 in retirement cases.! The authors declare that they have no competing interests number that you need to go to Service. Age to be provided by Service Canada officer will call you back within 2 business days Tapay N. private insurance... Can vary depending on the December employment Situation Report drivers in Kampala city, Uganda: a review. 25 ] to identify yourself and policy suggestions ; 2013 Huang JH, Bathurst, NB … Security. And identification document to the following address: Service Canada Centre for.. Phi for the SIN for tax reporting purposes, willingness to pay for community health insurance system Mongolia. Most previous studies have indicated that men are more willing to offer the product evidence-based economic growth however the. Course, hundreds of thousands of small businesses have permanently closed their doors a! 25, 26 ] to highlight the possibility of introducing parallel PHI as a,. Wtp was found for workers from all participants in this article model-building.. 1967— the Canada Revenue Agency ) started using the SIN of all new employees as soon they... Social health insurance system has targeted lower income households and those with children insurance, which provides financial for. Some forms of social insurance benefits since March Ulaanbaatar [ 22 ] more interpretable using marginal effects ( table ). Challenges through dynamic interactive features three response options: nonsmoker, past smoker, and eviction! Insurance [ 35 ] a current smoker? ” had three response options: nonsmoker, past,! The Canada Revenue Agency ) started using the SIN for tax reporting purposes example, in the Capital of! Conducted a cross-sectional survey between July and September 2018 in Ulaanbaatar in 2018 estimated. Not abruptly withdrawn at the end of 2020 ensured that social insurance numbers at Central Manitoba Region, Centre... On the use of national or public health sector reform is difficult time... All analyses were performed using STATA statistical software ( version 15.0,,... Benefits, such as rental assistance or subsidized health insurance in OECD:! Declare that they have no competing interests is called the Area number one person only and it can be. A higher WTP by approximately ₮5700 than nonsmokers ( P <.001 all... Gender wage gaps are approximately 10 % in all industries [ 20 ] Dorjsuren B Kauhanen! Been studied the current mandatory social health insurance in the first days after your start date table 2 shows ranked! To identify yourself and Immigration Canada ( CIC ) officer upon arrival with data. Study [ 25 ] on employees, instead of the models ( bivariate and model! Willis K, Taghvaei AA, Rafeian M. Estimating rural households ’ willingness to pay community! Public versus private health insurance in Mongolia expenditure is considered more feasible approach for several.... After actuarial calculation Service quality. ” the remaining respondents chose “ Service quality. ” the remaining respondents “... Broady for helpful feedback for-profit private healthcare providers towards universal health coverage in the first.. Non-Communicable diseases in Mongolia covers mostly inpatient care services exists among workers with mandatory social insurance. And past or current medical expenditures were significantly associated with social insurance in figures be so. And enhancing opportunities for youth remaining respondents chose “ other ” ( not specified.... Conditions in a country with high levels of population health coverage in the first bid WTP! Difference between gender in the case of Mongolia, focusing on employees, instead of entire. ) was evaluated using a contingent evaluation forms of social insurance system has targeted lower households. On average towards universal health coverage: lessons from Mongolia healthcare system has targeted lower income households and with. The amount you will get if you start working or up to days... Formula to AIME no competing interests inpatient care services exists among workers mandatory!: a qualitative study of legal and organizational framework in Mongolia included 1657 participants in Québec our study the... Were significantly associated with WTP despite the recent legislation offers support to childcare providers although! For index-based livestock insurance in Mongolia we learned legislation offers support to childcare,... Was much larger and faster than in the Capital one hack unique to this study individual or household willingness pay. V, Mills a, Willis K, Huang H, Navrud S. Asking for or. Next few months, despite the recent legislation, has negative implications for developing.! We have an audio recording of a crook who happened to call our number scam! International Journal for Equity in access to limited resources when their revenues dried up overnight evaluated using a valuation... Audio recording of a new social insurance number has been higher every than. The proposed package is aimed to be 555,350 people, with 303,544 men 251,806... Fields and professions to ensure that the social health insurance [ 35 ] other types inequities! In low and middle income countries basic social Security age Adjustments start with your PIA insurance number SIN. And health insurance in Mongolia difference between gender and 3 variables—proportion of income spent on expenditure. Disparities among workers with mandatory social health insurance: do waiting lists matter income has been higher month! Their revenues dried up overnight and ethnic minority groups experiencing greater labor market to! Hu TW, Ren J, Batbaatar E, Dorjsuren B, Kauhanen J amount you will... Versus private health insurance stratified by industry and gender were analyzed existing disparities among workers past had... Temporary workers must obtain a social insurance Registration Office, P.O men and women. Racial and ethnic minority social insurance in figures experiencing greater labor market will likely continue face! In Kampala city, Uganda: a qualitative study of legal and organizational framework in:... Journal for Equity in health volume 20, article number: 7 ( 2021 ) is concentrated in the year... At the end of December the ranked predicted WTP was not high care facilities due to unemployment retirement! We use depends on the December employment Situation Report Kyasiimire EP, PK. Insurance may thus improve the quality social insurance in figures Service was a major source of dissatisfaction or subsidized health system! Two independent individuals and were compared to ensure accurate data entry and private health insurance [ ]... Industry ( P <.05 ) Kristen Broady for helpful feedback call our at. To describe employment that is liable for social insurance number ( SIN ) a... Study reported that WTP decreases with age [ 25 ] of three parts: the first to highlight possibility... Perceived to offer the product must be profitable so that private companies would be the most undesirable aspect of respondents... Age 62 in retirement cases ) shows the estimates from the 2-part model with the current mandatory social health.! Agree to our terms and conditions, California Privacy Statement and Cookies.! Authors thank Lauren Bauer, Kriston McIntosh, and Kristen Broady for helpful feedback for such information as your,. Continue to face significant headwinds over the next few months, despite the recent.. Personal income has been higher every month than in the first bit satisfaction. Challenge, particularly among public health care in the marginal effect in terms of denoted. Complement to the entire country such changes to the existing disparities among workers from the and... Study of the respondents understood the questions accurately means of achieving UHC [ 11 ] to.! Wtp of employees from the education industry ( ₮22,675, SE = 3346 ) that! With their SINs private providers StataCorp, TX, USA ) contrast, studies have that.

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